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WASHINGTON - American forces took advantage of the airstrikes against the Islamic State extremist group in Syria to try to simultaneously wipe out the leadership of an unrelated cell of veterans of Al Qaeda that the White House said Tuesday was plotting an 'imminent' attack against the United States or Europe.
The barrage of bombs and missiles launched into Syria early Tuesday was aimed primarily at crippling the Islamic State, the formidable Sunni organization that has seized a large piece of territory to form its own radical enclave. But the blitz also targeted a little-known network called Khorasan, in hopes of paralyzing it before it could carry out what American officials feared would be a terrorist attack in the West.
American military and intelligence analysts were still studying damage reports from the initial air assault, but senior Obama administration officials expressed hope that they had killed Muhsin al-Fadhli, the leader of Khorasan and a onetime confidant of Osama bin Laden. The officials said they had been contemplating military action against Khorasan in recent months, but President Obama's decision to hit the Islamic State's forces inside Syria provided a chance to neutralize the other perceived threat.
Several officials said Khorasan had an advanced plan for an attack involving a bomb that could pass undetected through airport security systems, perhaps by lacing nonmetallic objects like toothpaste tubes and clothes with explosive material, although officials offered no details in public and did not provide specifics on how soon an attack might be carried out.
Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. said the concerns about Khorasan were behind a decision last summer to ban uncharged laptop computers and cellphones from some United States-bound commercial airliners.
The air campaign against Khorasan and the Islamic State got underway even as Mr. Obama flew to New York to meet with world leaders gathering at the opening session of the United Nations General Assembly. Mr. Obama did not seek United Nations permission for the military campaign, but he presented the strikes as the collaboration of a multinational coalition that included five Arab nations: Saudi Arabia, Jordan, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Bahrain.
'Because of the almost unprecedented effort of this coalition, I think we now have an opportunity to send a very clear message that the world is united,' Mr. Obama said during a hastily arranged photo opportunity in New York with Prime Minister Haider al-Abadi of Iraq, King Abdullah II of Jordan and representatives of the other Arab allies.
Source: Estimates from the Defense Department
January 1 to May 31
Over 151 days, families, on average, were displaced daily.
Anbar Province
321,210 families
known displaced
Months before it became something of a household name, ISIS took control of much of Anbar Province, displacing an estimated 500,000 Iraqis.
June 1 to July 31
Over 61 days, families, on average, were displaced daily.
Anbar Province
321,210 families
known displaced
Another half-million Iraqis were displaced in June and July when ISIS captured Mosul and advanced south toward Baghdad.
August 1 to August 6
Over 6 days, families, on average, were displaced daily.
Anbar Province
321,210 families
known displaced
In early August, ISIS seized several towns under Kurdish control, displacing Yazidis, Christians and other religious minority groups. Although the United Nations says that the capture of Sinjar may have displaced as many as 33,000 families, that number is not yet included in the official data.
Note: The United Nations estimates one Iraqi family is equal to six individuals. Source: IOM Displacement Tracking Matrix
Click group names for more details.
- Ottoman Empire
- Sykes-Picot Agreement
- Current Boundaries
Ottoman Empire
Before WWI, the Middle East was divided into several administrative provinces under the Ottoman Empire. Modern Iraq is roughly made up of the Ottoman provinces of Mosul, Baghdad, and Basra.
Sykes-Picot Agreement
In 1916, Mark Sykes and François Georges-Picot, British and French diplomats, secretly drew the first map to divide up the Ottoman Empire, beginning a series of border negotiations that led to the establishment of British and French mandates in 1920.
Religious and Ethnic Regions Today
Iraq's current boundaries bring together different, often adversarial, groups under one mixed national identity that has been strained by conflict. Still, if Iraq were to split, partition would not be so simple as drawing new borders along religious or ethnic lines.
Sources: Rand, McNally & Co. World Atlas (1911 Ottoman Empire map); United Kingdom National Archives (Sykes-Picot); Dr. M. Izady, Columbia University's Gulf 2000 project (religious and ethnic map)
Key
Sunni majority Shiite majority Christian majority Mixed areas
2003: Before the Invasion
Before the American invasion, Baghdad's major sectarian groups lived mostly side by side in mixed neighborhoods. The city's Shiite and Sunni populations were roughly equal, according to Juan Cole, a University of Michigan professor and Middle East expert.
2009: Violence Fuels Segregation
Sectarian violence exploded in 2006. Families living in areas where another sect was predominant were threatened with violence if they did not move. By 2009 Shiites were a majority, with Sunnis reduced to about 10 percent to 15 percent of the population.
* Kadhimiya, a historically Shiite neighborhood, is home to a sacred Shiite shrine.
* Adhamiya, a historically Sunni neighborhood, contains the Abu Hanifa Mosque, a Sunni landmark.
* The Green Zone became the heavily fortified center of American operations during the occupation.
* Sadr City was the center of the insurgent Mahdi Army, led by the Shiite cleric Moktada al-Sadr.
* Huriya was transformed in 2006 when the Mahdi Army pushed out hundreds of families in a brutal spasm of sectarian cleansing.
* More than 8,000 displaced families relocated to Amiriya, the neighborhood where the Sunni Awakening began in Baghdad.
* Adhamiya, a Sunni island in Shiite east Baghdad, was walled and restricted along with other neighborhoods in 2007 for security.
* Neighborhoods east of the Tigris River are generally more densely populated than areas to the west.
2003: Before the Invasion
Before the American invasion, Baghdad's major sectarian groups lived mostly side by side in mixed neighborhoods. The city's Shiite and Sunni populations were roughly equal, according to Juan Cole, a University of Michigan professor and Middle East expert.
* Kadhimiya, a historically Shiite neighborhood, is home to a sacred Shiite shrine.
* Adhamiya, a historically Sunni neighborhood, contains the Abu Hanifa Mosque, a Sunni landmark.
* The Green Zone became the heavily fortified center of American operations during the occupation.
* Sadr City was the center of the insurgent Mahdi Army, led by the Shiite cleric Moktada al-Sadr.
2009: Violence Fuels Segregation
Sectarian violence exploded in 2006. Families living in areas where another sect was predominant were threatened with violence if they did not move. By 2009 Shiites were a majority, with Sunnis reduced to about 10 percent to 15 percent of the population.
* Huriya was transformed in 2006 when the Mahdi Army pushed out hundreds of families in a brutal spasm of sectarian cleansing.
* More than 8,000 displaced families relocated to Amiriya, the neighborhood where the Sunni Awakening began in Baghdad.
* Adhamiya, a Sunni island in Shiite east Baghdad, was walled and restricted along with other neighborhoods in 2007 for security.
* Neighborhoods east of the Tigris River are generally more densely populated than areas to the west.
Source: Dr. M. Izady, Columbia University's Gulf 2000 project
Source: Satellite image by NASA
Sources: Global Terrorism Database, National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (attack data); Congressional Research Service; Council on Foreign Relations; Long War Journal; Institute for the Study of War
Source: 'The Islamic State in Iraq Returns to Diyala' by Jessica Lewis, Institute for the Study of War
Safin Hamed/Agence France-Presse - Getty Images
Still, the bulk of the military efforts were conducted by American forces, and reaction in the Middle East was mixed. President Hassan Rouhani of Iran, which is allied with the government of President Bashar al-Assad of Syria, said the airstrikes were illegal because they were not conducted with the approval of Syria's government, a point later echoed by President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia, another ally of Syria's.
The Syrian government itself seemed more accepting, probably because it was glad to see military power brought to bear against forces that have been fighting Mr. Assad and recently killed many of his soldiers. The Syrian Foreign Ministry said the government 'backs any international effort that contributes to the fight against terrorists,' whether it is the Islamic State, the Nusra Front 'or anyone else.'
Samantha Power, the American ambassador to the United Nations, informed her Syrian counterpart about the strikes ahead of time, but did not seek permission or disclose the timing or targets. 'In fact, we warned them to not pose a threat to our aircraft,' said Benjamin J. Rhodes, the president's deputy national security adviser. Mr. Rhodes said Mr. Obama had issued the order for the strikes on Thursday, a day after visiting the United States Central Command headquarters in Tampa that would carry out the operation.
In his public appearances on Tuesday, Mr. Obama cautioned again that the campaign against the Islamic State, also known as ISIS or ISIL, would take time. He also cited the strike on Khorasan, the first time he has mentioned the group in public. 'Once again, it must be clear to anyone who would plot against America and try to do Americans harm that we will not tolerate safe havens for terrorists who threaten our people,' he said at the White House before his departure for New York.
Most officials speaking publicly on Tuesday characterized the Khorasan threat as imminent. Lt. Gen. William C. Mayville Jr., who is in charge of operations for the Pentagon's Joint Staff, said the terrorist group was nearing 'the execution phase of an attack either in Europe or the homeland.'
But one senior counterterrorism official, who insisted on anonymity to discuss intelligence matters, said the group might not have chosen the target, method or even the timing for a strike. An intelligence official said separately that the group was 'reaching a stage where they might be able to do something.'
Khorasan is closely allied with the Nusra Front, which is Al Qaeda's designated affiliate in Syria, according to American intelligence officials. The group, they said, is made up of Qaeda operatives from places like Pakistan, Afghanistan, North Africa and Chechnya who have traveled to Syria on the orders of Ayman al-Zawahri, the Qaeda leader.
Mr. Holder told Katie Couric of Yahoo News that the United States had followed the group for two years. 'I can say that the enhanced security measures that we took' banning uncharged electronic devices on some flights were 'based on concerns we had about what the Khorasan group was planning to do,' he said.
The strikes on Tuesday were aimed at the group's leaders, including Mr. Fadhli, a Kuwaiti associate of Bin Laden's who moved to Syria last year. Officials said they were not certain if he had been killed, but Twitter accounts associated with jihadist groups said that he and another Khorasan leader, Abu Yusef al-Turki, had died in the airstrikes.
One Twitter user said that by killing Mr. Fadhli, the United States had 'presented him a great wish and a most honorable gift' of martyrdom, according to the SITE Intelligence Group, which monitors militant groups' social media postings.
Lawmakers and terrorism experts said that even if Mr. Fadhli had been killed, it would not necessarily derail the group's ambitions. 'Fadhli is certainly one of the most capable of the Al Qaeda core members,' said Representative Adam B. Schiff, a California Democrat on the House Intelligence Committee. 'His loss would be significant, but as we've seen before, any decapitation is only a short-term gain. The hydra will grow another head.'
Congressional leaders largely rallied behind the strikes, including Republicans who oppose the president on most other issues, although some of them still faulted his strategy and many disagreed on whether he needed approval from lawmakers. The administration contends he does not need new action by Congress because of the authorization it passed targeting Al Qaeda and affiliates after the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001.
'ISIL is a direct threat to the safety and security of the United States and our allies,' the House speaker, John A. Boehner, Republican of Ohio, said in a statement. 'I support the airstrikes launched by the president, understanding that this is just one step in what must be a larger effort to destroy and defeat this terrorist organization.'
The participation of the five Arab countries may bolster Mr. Obama's argument that the campaign does not pit the United States against the Sunni Muslim world, but is, rather, a broad alliance of Sunni Muslim countries against a radical group. Qatar and Saudi Arabia have been heavily involved in Syria's civil war, so joining the coalition was merely a more direct form of intervention.
Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Bahrain worry that their citizens who joined the Islamic State's forces will later return and plot attacks at home. 'This is the right way to do it, if you want to defeat the Islamic State, because you cannot cut off the tail and leave the head,' said Ebtesam al-Ketbi, the chairwoman of the Emirates Policy Center.
But evident elsewhere was a familiar current of cynicism about the motives behind the strikes. The United States and its allies 'want to divide our lands, destroy our nations, occupy our homelands and monopolize our choices, without shedding one drop of their blue blood,' Massoud al-Hennawi wrote in Al Ahram, a state-run newspaper in Egypt. 'They have no problem that our cheap Arab blood flows in rivers, if it achieves their goals and purposes.'
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